Metaphysical Poetry
An Exploration of Intellect, Wit, and Profound Themes
A Key Movement in 17th-Century English Literature by Kalviyogi Nagarajan 369 Tesla Pvt Limited
Metaphysical poetry is a term coined by critic Samuel Johnson to describe a loose group of English lyric poets of the 17th century. Their work is characterized by the inventive use of conceits, and by a greater emphasis on the spoken rather than lyrical quality of their verse. These poets were not a formal group but shared common characteristics in their style and approach to subject matter.
The term 'metaphysical' refers to the poetry's concern with fundamental questions about the nature of reality, existence, and knowledge. It often delves into the relationship between the physical and spiritual worlds, exploring complex emotions and philosophical ideas with intellectual rigor and imaginative flair.
Intellectual Tone & Wit
Metaphysical poetry is highly intellectual, often employing complex arguments, learning, and cleverness (wit). It appeals to the intellect as much as to the emotions.
Metaphysical Conceits
These are extended, ingenious, and often surprising metaphors that compare two vastly different things. For example, John Donne compares separated lovers to the two legs of a drafting compass in 'A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning'.
Exploration of Deep Themes
Poets explored profound subjects such as love (both physical and spiritual), death, religion, faith, the nature of reality, and humanity's place in the universe.
Colloquial Language & Irregular Meter
Often uses direct, speech-like language and varied, sometimes rugged, rhythms rather than smooth, musical verse. This can create a sense of immediacy and drama.
Paradox and Argumentation
Metaphysical poets were fond of paradoxical statements and constructing logical arguments within their poems, often to persuade or explore complex ideas.
John Donne (1572-1631)
Considered the leading figure of Metaphysical poetry. His work is known for its passionate intellect, dramatic intensity, and innovative use of conceits. His poetry ranges from erotic love lyrics to profound religious meditations.
Explore John Donne (1572-1631)'s Works
George Herbert (1593-1633)
A Welsh-born poet and Anglican priest whose collection 'The Temple' exemplifies Metaphysical poetry's devotional aspect. His poems are characterized by their quiet piety, formal ingenuity (including pattern poems), and exploration of the soul's relationship with God.
Explore George Herbert (1593-1633)'s WorksA hallmark of Metaphysical poetry is the **conceit** – an elaborate, often surprising, and intellectually ingenious extended metaphor.
John Donne's "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning"
In this poem, Donne compares the souls of two lovers who must part to the two legs of a pair of drafting compasses:
"If they be two, they are two so
As stiff twin compasses are two;
Thy soul, the fixed foot, makes no show
To move, but doth, if the other do.
And though it in the center sit,
Yet when the other far doth roam,
It leans and hearkens after it,
And grows erect, as that comes home."
This conceit illustrates how their love remains connected and centered despite physical separation, with one lover (the fixed foot) providing stability while the other (the moving foot) journeys, eventually returning to complete the circle.
Such conceits challenge the reader to perceive unexpected similarities and appreciate the poet's intellectual dexterity.
Further Your Understanding
Delve deeper into the works of John Donne and George Herbert to fully appreciate the richness and complexity of Metaphysical poetry. Explore their individual author pages for detailed biographies, major works, and key themes.